Investigating the efficacy of nasal administration for delivering magnetic nanoparticles into the brain for magnetic particle imaging.

This study explored the effectiveness of nasal administration in delivering magnetic nanoparticles into the brain for magnetic particle imaging of target regions. Successful delivery of iron oxide nanoparticles, which serve as contrast agents, to specific sites within the brain is crucial for achieving magnetic particle imaging. Nasal administration has gained attention as a method to bypass the blood-brain barrier and directly deliver therapeutics to the brain. In this study, we investigated surface modification techniques for administering magnetic nanoparticles into the nasal cavity, and provided experimental validation through in vivo studies. By compositing magnetic nanoparticles with gold nanoparticles, we enabled additional surface modification via AuS bonds without compromising their magnetic properties. The migration of the designed PEGylated magnetic nanoparticles into the brain following nasal administration was confirmed by magnetization measurements. Furthermore, we demonstrated the accumulation of these nanoparticles at specific target sites using probe molecules immobilized on the PEG terminus. Thus, the efficacy of delivering magnetic nanoparticles to the brain via nasal administration was demonstrated in this study. The findings of this research are expected to contribute significantly to the realization of magnetic particle imaging of target regions within the brain.

Carbohydrate Co-Solutes Stabilize Collagen Triple Helices.

Carbohydrates are common co-solutes for the stabilization of proteins. The effect of carbohydrate solutions on the stability of collagen, the most abundant protein in mammals, is, however, underexplored. In this work, we studied the thermal stability of collagen triple helices derived from a molecularly defined collagen model peptide (CMP), Ac-(Pro-Hyp-Gly)7 -NH2 , in solutions of six common mono- and disaccharides. We show that the carbohydrates stabilize the collagen triple helix in a concentration-dependent manner, with an increase of the melting temperature of up to 17 °C. In addition, we show that the stabilizing effect is similar for all studied sugars, including trehalose, which is otherwise considered a privileged bioprotectant. The results provided insight into the effects of sugar co-solutes on collagen triple helices and can aid the selection of storage environments for collagen-based materials and probes.

Rapid Chemical Synthesis of Serine Protease Inhibitor Kazal-type 13 (SPINK13) Glycoform by a Combined Method with Glycan Insertion Strategy and Fast-Flow Fmoc SPPS.

Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 13 (SPINK13) is a secreted protein that has been recently studied as a therapeutic drug and an interesting biomarker for cancer cells. Although SPINK13 has a consensus sequence (Pro-Asn-Val-Thr) for N-glycosylation, the existence of N-glycosylation and its functions are still unclear. In addition to this, the preparation of glycosylated SPINK 13 has not been examined by both the cell expression method and chemical synthesis. Herein we report the chemical synthesis of the scarce N-glycosylated form of SPINK13 by a rapid synthetic method combined with the chemical glycan insertion strategy and a fast-flow SPPS method. Glycosylated asparagine thioacid was designed to chemoselectively be inserted between two peptide segments where is the sterically bulky Pro-Asn(N-glycan)-Val junction by two coupling reactions which consist of diacyl disulfide coupling (DDC) and thioacid capture ligation (TCL). This insertion strategy successfully afforded the full-length polypeptide of SPINK13 within two steps from glycosylated asparagine thioacid. Because the two peptides used for this synthesis were prepared by a fast-flow SPPS, the total synthetic time of glycoprotein was considerably shortened. This synthetic concept enables us to repetitively synthesize a target glycoprotein easily. Folding experiments afforded well-folded structure confirmed by CD and disulfide bond map. Invasion assays of glycosylated SPINK13 and non-glycosylated SPINK13 with pancreatic cancer cells showed that non-glycosylated SPINK-13 was more potent than that of glycosylated SPINK13.

Recent advances on the synthesis of N-linked glycoprotein for the elucidation of glycan functions.

Glycoproteins play roles in many biological events, while, the glycan structure-function relationship has remained to be studied. In order to understand glycan function, homogeneous glycoproteins have been synthesized. This review introduced recent progress of their synthetic approaches.

Synthesis of homogeneous glycoproteins with diverse N-glycans.

In the post-genomic era, post- and co-translational modifications (P/C-TM) of proteins are known as the more essential elements for the activation of protein function. Among these protein modifications, glycosylation is one of the most abundant modifications in eukaryotic cells. The synthesis of glycoproteins with uniform glycan structures is essential for functional analysis of glycoproteins and biochemical research. For that purpose, chemical methods to synthesize glycoproteins with chemically uniform glycan structures have been developed. In this review, we highlight our recent advances in the preparation of homogeneous glycoproteins. Especially, we introduce both semi-synthesis and chemical synthesis of glycoproteins along with semi-synthesis of various complex-type N-glycans for the solid-phase synthesis of glycopeptide-thioesters.

Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of Porphyrin Nanodisks Prepared by Exfoliation of Metalloporphyrin-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks.

Organic polymers derived from covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have various applications, including photocatalysis. The synthesis of organic polymer materials from COFs to obtain higher activity for photocatalysis by changing the unit molecule has been investigated. The choice of the unit molecule is important to characterize the photochemical properties. Among various such unit molecules, porphyrins have attracted much attention as organic chromophores commonly used in photocatalytic reactions with COFs. Although COFs with various organic chromophores have been synthesized and attempts have been made to improve their photocatalytic activity, enhancing the photocatalytic activity by adjusting the layer thickness through exfoliation of COFs has yet to be fully studied. In the present study, the exfoliation of metalloporphyrin-based COFs with pyridine as the axial ligand and adjustment of the layer thickness were found to enhance the photocatalytic activity. Hydrogen generation and 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine oxidation reactions were investigated as representative photocatalytic reactions, with the photocatalytic activity up to 7 times that of the original free-base porphyrin COFs. These results indicate that the different thicknesses synthesized by exfoliating COFs increased the photocatalytic effect of polymers.

Glycoprotein Semisynthesis by Chemical Insertion of Glycosyl Asparagine Using a Bifunctional Thioacid-Mediated Strategy.

Glycosylation is a major modification of secreted and cell surface proteins, and the resultant glycans show considerable heterogeneity in their structures. To understand the biological processes arising from each glycoform, the preparation of homogeneous glycoproteins is essential for extensive biological experiments. To establish a more robust and rapid synthetic route for the synthesis of homogeneous glycoproteins, we studied several key reactions based on amino thioacids. We found that diacyl disulfide coupling (DDC) formed with glycosyl asparagine thioacid and peptide thioacid yielded glycopeptides. This efficient coupling reaction enabled us to develop a new glycoprotein synthesis method, such as the bifunctional thioacid-mediated strategy, which can couple two peptides with the N- and C-termini of glycosyl asparagine thioacid. Previous glycoprotein synthesis methods required valuable glycosyl asparagine in the early stage and subsequent multiple glycoprotein synthesis routes, whereas the developed concept can generate glycoproteins within a few steps from peptide and glycosyl asparagine thioacid. Herein, we report the characterization of the DDC of amino thioacids and the efficient ability of glycosyl asparagine thioacid to be used for robust glycoprotein semisynthesis.

Acceleration and Deceleration Factors on the Hydrolysis Reaction of 4,6-O-Benzylidene Acetal Group.

The benzylidene acetal group is one of the most important protecting groups not only in carbohydrate chemistry but also in general organic chemistry. In the case of 4,6-O-benzylidene glycosides, we previously found that the stereochemistry at 4-position altered the reaction rate constant for hydrolysis of benzylidene acetal group. However, a detail of the acceleration or deceleration factor was still unclear. In this work, the hydrolysis reaction of benzylidene acetal group was analyzed using the Arrhenius and Eyring plot to obtain individual parameters for glucosides (Glc), mannosides (Man), and galactosides (Gal). The Arrhenius and Eyring plot indicated that the pre-exponential factor (A) and ΔS⧧ were critical for the smallest reaction rate constant of Gal among nonacetylated substrates. On the other hand, both Ea/ΔH⧧ and A/ΔS⧧ were influential for the smallest reaction rate constant of Gal among diacetylated substrates. All parameters obtained suggested that the rate constant for hydrolysis reaction was regulated by protonation and hydration steps along with solvation. The obtained parameters support wide use of benzylidene acetal group as orthogonal protection of cis- and trans-fused bicyclic systems through the fast hydrolysis of the trans-fused benzylidene acetal group.

Regioselective α-Peptide Bond Formation Through the Oxidation of Amino Thioacids.

Biological systems, including ribosomes and enzymes, produce peptides with an extraordinary high speed and accuracy. On the other hand, a rational and regioselective α-peptide bond formation, without involving protecting groups, is difficult to achieve in chemical synthesis. In this study, α-amino thioacids were utilized for the generation of polypeptides without using any protecting groups. We found that an α-amino thioacid could oxidatively form a diaminoacyl-disulfide moiety and undergo a subsequent intramolecular S- to N-acyl transfer to form an α-peptide bond. Even the thioacid form of lysine, which has a free ε-amino group, generated a regioselective α-peptide bond. The oxidation of amino thioacids generated the oligomers of amino acids. Interestingly, this oligomerization reaction proceeded even in the presence of iron ore, a prebiotic element, thus suggesting a plausible prebiotic peptide bond forming reaction.

Preparation of regio- and stereoisomeric di- and tetrahydrogeranylgeraniols and identification of esterifying groups in natural (bacterio)chlorophylls.

All regioisomeric di- and tetrahydrogeranylgeraniols possessing the C2C3 double bond were prepared as authentic samples. The synthetic C20-isoprenoid alcohols were separated well by gas chromatography. Based on the chromatographic analysis, the enzymatic reduction pathway of a geranylgeranyl group was investigated to identify the last stage of (bacterio)chlorophyll biosynthesis in phototrophs. The geranylgeranyl group was triply reduced to the phytyl group through the first regio- and stereospecific hydrogenation of C10C11 to C10HC11(S)H, the second of C6C7 to C6HC7(S)H, and the third of C14C15 to C14HC15H. The identification of the reduction sequence completes the biosynthetic pathways for naturally occurring chlorophyll-a and bacteriochlorophyll-a bearing a phytyl group as the esterifying moiety in the 17-propionate residues.

Isolation and structural determination of C8-vinyl-bacteriochlorophyll d from the bciA and bchU double mutant of the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobaculum tepidum.

The mutant lacking enzymes BciA and BchU, that catalyzed reduction of the C8-vinyl group and methylation at the C20 position of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) c, respectively, in the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobaculum tepidum, were constructed. This mutant accumulated C8-vinyl-BChl d derivatives, and a molecular structure of the major pigment was fully characterized by its NMR, mass, and circular dichroism spectra, as well as by chemical modification: (3(1) R)-8-vinyl-12-ethyl-(R[V,E])BChl d was confirmed as a new BChl d species in the cells. In vitro chlorosome-like self-aggregates of this pigment were prepared in an aqueous micellar solution, and formed more rapidly than those of (3(1) R)-8,12-diethyl-(R[E,E])BChl d isolated from the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobaculum parvum NCIB8327d synthesizing BChl d homologs. Their red-shifted Q y absorption bands were almost the same at 761 nm, and the value was larger than those of in vitro self-aggregates of R[E,E]BChl c (737 nm) and R[V,E]BChl c (726 nm), while the monomeric states of the former gave Q y bands at shorter wavelengths than those of the latter. Red shifts by self-aggregation of the two BChl d species were estimated to be 110 nm and much larger than those by BChls c (75 nm for [E,E] and 64 nm for [V,E]).